community; circles; kingdom; erathem; field (electrical); border
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
boundary; border; limit; bounds; frontier
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
abstention; nonparticipation
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
to look down on (someone); to make fun of; to put down; to treat with contempt; to underestimate
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn; to rotate; to pass around; to send around; to move (someone or something to where its needed); to send; to turn (to a new use)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worth doing; to be worthy of; to do (the job); to serve
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
anyhow; in any case; at any rate; at best; at most
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
cheap; inexpensive; calm; peaceful; quiet
filling (up) a hole; filling in (for a gap, vacancy, etc.); stopgap; making up (for a loss, damage, etc.); covering (a deficit); cloze deletion (test format)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to send; to forward; to hand over (e.g. money)
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
new type; new style; new model; new strain (e.g. infectious disease)
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
thank you for waiting; sorry to have kept you waiting