indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
end (e.g. of street); tip; beginning; start; odds and ends; scrap
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be born and raised (in); to be born and brought up; to be born and bred
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to throw away; to abandon
close friend; bosom friend; buddy; crony; chum
to rub; to crumple; to massage; to argue; to have a heated discussion; to train; to coach
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
nonsensical; unreasonable; awfully; extremely; disorder; confusion
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
even; flat; level; calm; peaceful; uneventful
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to get close; to cuddle close together; to nestle close to; to snuggle up to
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
warm; mild; (pleasantly) hot; considerate; kind; genial
to wrap up; to pack; to cover; to envelop; to conceal (a feeling); to hide
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to play (a stringed or keyboard instrument)
around the world; throughout the world
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to deliver; to forward; to send; to report; to notify; to file notice (to the authorities)
more and more; all the more; at last; finally; (at the) last moment; worst possible time
last; final; end; conclusion; rust