indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to bring (news, knowledge, etc.); to introduce; to bring about; to cause; to produce (e.g. results)
authority; expert; counter for messages, letters, notes, documents, etc.; understanding (esp. of male-female relations); tact; supernatural powers
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in an instant; in a moment; immediately; suddenly; all of a sudden; all at once
factory; plant; mill; workshop
medium (size); average (grade, level, etc.); in; within; during; while; currently (doing)
to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to whisper; to murmur; to rumor; to rumour
management; dealing with; course of events; circumstances; end result (usu. bad); outcome
yikes; oops; eep; wow; aargh
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
stand; rest; setting (of a gem); mounting; stock (in grafting); counter for machines and vehicles; level (e.g. price level)
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style; one Buddhist image
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
finally; at last; in the end; ultimately
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
well, ...; right, ...; so; then; that way (would mean ...); if that is the case
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust