indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to bring; to take; to bring about
authority; expert; counter for messages, letters, notes, documents, etc.; understanding (esp. of male-female relations); tact; supernatural powers
letter; missive; note; mail
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in an instant; in a moment; immediately; suddenly; all of a sudden; all at once
factory; plant; mill; workshop
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to whisper; to murmur; to rumor; to rumour
management; dealing with; course of events; circumstances; end result (usu. bad); outcome
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
stand; rack; support; holder; counter for machines, incl. vehicles; setting (e.g. in jewellery); level (e.g. price level)
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
finally; at last; ultimately; in the end
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now