indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
suffix for familiar person
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
present; gift; to give a present or gift
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
to open (e.g. doors); to open (e.g. business, etc.); to be empty; to be vacant; to be available; to be open (e.g. neckline, etc.); to have been opened (of one's eyes, mouth, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
understood; I see; OK; present; here
humour; humor; safety; health; in a good mood; in high spirits
that's good; that's nice; like (on social media); is that clear?; OK?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
how; in what way; how about
grand; magnificent; lavish; forceful; powerful; vigorous
to celebrate; to congratulate; to present (a gift) in celebration; to drink in celebration; to wish for (a happy future, good fortune, etc.); to pray for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly
that day; the very same day
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
any; anything; whatever; I am told; I hear; I understand
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
look here; I say; well; I know what; I'll tell you what; just a minute
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
supply; provision; raising; procurement
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person