indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
understanding; comprehension; appreciation; sympathy
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?