indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
rock (in rock-paper-scissors); stone; ungh; gulp; rumbling (of an empty stomach); growling
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
crisis; critical situation; emergency; pinch
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
honorific/polite/humble prefix
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
autograph; signature; sign; signal; indication
beating (of the heart, with joy, excitement, etc.); palpitation; throbbing; pounding; fluttering
gale; strong wind; swift wind; fresh breeze (Beaufort scale)
express dispatch; urgent correspondence
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
apiece; each; at a time; piecemeal
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
hello; good day; good afternoon
elegance; grace; article; item; counter for items (of food, etc.); counter for dishes or courses (at a restaurant)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
demolition; pulling down; destruction; dismantling
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...