indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
wall with exposed timber pillars
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
that; the matter in question
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
terrible; dreadful; terrifying; surprising; startling; tremendous
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
to invite; to ask; to beckon; to wave someone in; to call in; to send for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
now; the present time; just now; another; more
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
(not) anyone; (not) a single person; no one; nobody
to have no way of knowing; to be completely ignorant of
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
judgment; judgement; divination; judgement
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?