indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
body; group; party; company; troupe
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
public performance; exhibition in a foreign country
welcome!; nice to see you!
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
(Ogura) Hyakunin Isshu; classical Japanese anthology of one hundred Japanese waka by one hundred poets; hyakunin isshu karuta; hyakunin isshu poetry cards
original (that was parodied or acted as an inspiration for something else, etc.); source
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
splendid tanka; splendid waka
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
the Empress, the Empress Dowager and the Grand Empress Dowager; emperor's second consort; empress; palace of the empress; building of a Shinto shrine built on middle ground; demesne of the imperial palace
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
passing away; death; dying words; death poem (poem written during one's final moments)
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to place on (something); to give (someone) a ride; to give a lift; to load (luggage); to carry; to send out (on the airwaves, etc.); to deceive
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to remove; to take off; to drop (e.g. from a team); to remove (from a position); to leave (e.g. one's seat); to go away from
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mutsu (former province located in present-day Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate, and Aomori prefectures)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
at the most; at best; to the utmost; as much as possible; as much as one can
to let your hair down; to have fun after a period of work or stress
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become