indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(public) notice; attention; public eye; public gaze
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to lead; to spearhead (a group); to command (troops)
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hill; height; knoll; bonus points awarded to the winner at the end of a game
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
appearance; arrival; make one's appearance
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
obstruction; check; hindrance; prevention; impediment; interdiction
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
gate (for entry, boarding, etc.); gate; logic element
again; once more; a second time
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
have no choice; there is nothing but; no more than
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
twice; again; second time
rushing into; breaking into; storming; plunging into (war, etc.); embarking on (a new venture)
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
to notice; to become aware; to be scrupulous; to be attentive; to recover consciousness; to come to oneself
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
campground; campsite; camping-ground
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
excessive; too much; unreasonable
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work