indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to that extent; to that degree; so much; so
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the first and second; a few
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
meaning; significance; sense
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
(fixing) boundaries for religious practices; prohibition (of items, people, spirits, etc. that would hinder Buddhist practice); fence between inner and outer sanctums in a temple; (arch.) short two or three-fold lattice around the front desk of a store; barrier; dimensional barrier
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
invasion; incursion; raid; aggression; intrusion; trespass
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be unable to; to find difficult (unpleasant, awkward, painful) to do; to serve two or more functions or roles simultaneously; to contain (or combine) two or more features; to work in two or more jobs simultaneously (positions, etc.); to do alongside
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof