indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to that extent; to that degree; so much; so
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
one or two; a couple; a few; first and second (place); the top two
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
meaning; significance; sense
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
they; those guys; those fellows
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
(fixing) boundaries for religious practices; prohibition (of items, people, spirits, etc. that would hinder Buddhist practice); fence between inner and outer sanctums in a temple; (arch.) short two or three-fold lattice around the front desk of a store; barrier; dimensional barrier
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
invasion; incursion; raid; aggression; intrusion; trespass
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be unable to; to find difficult (unpleasant, awkward, painful) to do; to serve two or more functions or roles simultaneously; to contain (or combine) two or more features; to work in two or more jobs simultaneously (positions, etc.); to do alongside
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof