above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
off the top of one's head; from thin air; from memory
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
near; close; beside; third person
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
foolish; idiotic; stupid; ridiculous; absurd
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
workmanship; craftsmanship; grades; results; quality (e.g. of a crop); dealings
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
very hard; with utmost effort; as hard as one can; with all one's might; for dear life; eagerly
technique; art; skill; move
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to drive into (e.g. a nail into a board); to hit into (e.g. a home run into the stands); to throw into (e.g. jail); to drum into (someone) (an idea, skill, etc.); to hammer into
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
teaching; instruction; teachings; precept; lesson; doctrine
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to anyone; to everyone; by anyone; by everyone; in everyone; in anyone
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
to pile up; to accumulate
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
time; hour; period; class
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot