indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(I) will; (I) shall; let's; (I) wonder (if); might it be (that)
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hygienic; healthy; healthful; sanitary
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
quiz; short test; mini test
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
study; diligence; working hard; experience; knowledge; discount
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
soundly (sleeping); fast (asleep)
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
usual; normal; long (of time); old; for a long time; for a while
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
steadily; unflaggingly; untiringly; knocking; tapping; clicking
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
OK; okay; fine (without); not needed; unnecessary
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
another time; some other time
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
perfectly; right on the mark; spot on; enough; sufficiently; thoroughly
bad(-tasting); unpalatable; poor; unskillful; ugly; unattractive
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of