indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in that way; thus; so; so?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
how; in what way; how about
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...