indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
queen; female monarch; queen consort; consort of a king; queen; princess
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
entrance (on the stage); appearance (in a book, film, etc.); appearance (on the scene); arrival (on the market); emergence
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
established practice; custom
composition; piece of music; tune; melody; enjoyment; fun
happiness; well-being; joy; welfare; blessedness
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
please (give me); please (do for me)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
remote past; far ago; time immemorial
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to spread (of a rumour, news, etc.); to travel; to be handed down (from generation to generation); to be passed down; to be introduced (to a country, region, etc.); to be brought; to be conveyed (of a feeling, impression, etc.)
legend; folklore; tradition
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
by means of; due to; because of; according to
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to sing; to sing of (love, beauty, etc.) in a poem; to express in the form of a poem; to recite (a poem)
introduction; presentation; referral; showcase (of a product)
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
to be careful; to pay attention; to take care
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of