indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
extinction; extermination; eradication; stamping out; wiping out
dangerous; risky; awful; terrible; terrific; amazing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
carrying (on one's person or in the hand); mobile phone; cell phone
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
identification; ID; identity
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
complaint; grumbling; objection; phrase; words; expression
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling