indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
half; semi-; half-past; odd number; (arch.) unit of land area (595.8 m^2)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
family; members of a family
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
to help; to assist; to aid; to contribute to; to be a factor in
to wash; to cleanse; to inquire into; to investigate; to purify (one's heart); to lave (e.g. shore)
toilet; restroom; bathroom; lavatory
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
to take someone (to some place); to take someone along; to lead someone away
make-up; makeup; cosmetics
to replace; to exchange; to interchange; to substitute
mumbling; chewing one's words; chewing (food); squirming; wriggling
nursery school; day nursery; preschool
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)