indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
myself; yourself; I; me; you
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
family; members of a family
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
number one; first; best; most; game; round
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
to help; to assist; to aid; to contribute to; to be a factor in