indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
eggs; egg; (hen's) egg; (an expert) in the making; beginning; origin
yogurt; yoghurt; yoghourt
best-before date (on food); use-by date; expiry date; expiration date
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
shopping; purchased goods
entering; setting (of the Sun); containing; content; income; beginning
food; foodstuff; eating; appetite; meal; portion
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
sometimes; occasionally; at times; seasonal; of the season; appropriate (for the season or occasion)
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level
counter for articles; counter for military units; individual
strawberry (esp. the garden strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa)
first day of the month; (arch.) first ten days of the lunar month
ninth day of the month; nine days
eleventh day of the month; eleven days
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity