indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
name; given name; first name
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
of course; certainly; naturally
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
family; members of a family
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
deplorable; regrettable; disappointing; vexing; unfortunate