indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
number one; first; best; most; game; round
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
carrot (Daucus carota); Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
story; tale; talk; discussion
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance