indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
honorific/polite/humble prefix
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
number one; first; best; most; game; round
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
first of all; to begin with; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
really; truly; indeed; good grief
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
study; diligence; discount; reduction
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
tea (usu. green); tea break (at work); tea ceremony
poor (at); weak (in); not very good (at); not one's cup of tea; not one's favorite
red; crimson; red-containing colour (e.g. brown, pink, orange); Red (i.e. communist); red light (traffic); red ink (i.e. in finance or proof-reading); (in) the red
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
for example; for instance; e.g.