indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
type of household amulet or talisman, issued by a Shinto shrine, hung in the house for protection
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
study; diligence; discount; reduction
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
variety; kind; type; counter for kinds, species, etc.
study; research; investigation
Fukuzawa Yukichi (1834-1901)
Higuchi Ichiyou (1872-1896)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
now; the present time; just now; another; more
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
name; given name; first name
book; volume; this; present; main; head
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
after that; afterwards; thereafter
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that