indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
number one; first; best; most; game; round
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
tap-tap; knock-knock; cough-cough; bark (of a fox); yelp; heavily (e.g. of snow falling)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
at that time; at that moment; then; on that occasion
heat; fever; temperature; zeal; passion
from now; from the present moment; from this time forward; henceforth
to pass (of time); to elapse
incident; affair; happening; event
injury; wound; mistake; accident; loss
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit
to break; to be broken; to be folded; to give in; to back down; to turn (a corner)
to get better; to get well; to recover (from an illness); to be cured; to be restored; to heal