indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
number one; first; best; most; game; round
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
to stop (moving); to come to a stop; to stop (doing, working, being supplied); to come to a halt; to alight; to perch on
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
at that time; at that moment; then; on that occasion