indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago