indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
splendid horse; promoted bishop
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
Sakamoto Ryouma (1836.1.3-1867.12.10)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
now; the present time; just now; another; more
(some) more; even more; longer; further
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
(art of) fencing; swordsmanship
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
Edo shogunate (1603-1867)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till