indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Sakamoto Ryouma (1836.1.3-1867.12.10)
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
now; the present time; just now; another; more
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
person; character; one's character; one's personality; able person; talented person
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
splendid horse; promoted bishop
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
story; tale; talk; discussion
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
Tosa (former province located in present-day Kochi Prefecture)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
splendid horse; promoted bishop
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
older brother; elder brother; young man; buddy; fella
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am; older girl
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
siblings; brothers and sisters; brothers; siblings-in-law; brothers-in-law; mate
number one; first; best; most; game; round
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
sword (esp. Japanese single-edged); katana; scalpel; chisel; burin; knife money (knife-shaped commodity money used in ancient China)
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
(art of) fencing; swordsmanship
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity