indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Fukuoka (city, prefecture)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
February; second month of the lunar calendar
first day of the month; (arch.) first ten days of the lunar month
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
weather; the elements; fair weather; fine weather
to clear up; to clear away; to refresh (e.g. spirits); to be cleared (e.g. of a suspicion); to be dispelled; to be banished
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
how; in what way; how about
clear weather; fine weather; formal; ceremonial; cleared of suspicion
cloudiness; cloudy weather; fog (on a mirror, glasses, etc.); cloud (e.g. in marble); gloom; dejection
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
until now; so far; up to the present
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to cease; to stop; to be over
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to be needed; to be wanted
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
umbrella; parasol; something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to be about to leave; to be just going out