today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
story; tale; talk; discussion
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
Hokkaido (island, prefectural-level administrative unit)
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
all; entire; whole; altogether
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
prefectures (of Japan); largest administrative divisions of Japan: Tokyo-to, Osaka-fu, Kyoto-fu, Hokkaido and the remaining prefectures
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
four; four years of age; ten o'clock (old time system); Burakumin; cross grips
prefecture (Japan); county (China, Taiwan, Norway, etc.); department (France); province (Italy, Spain, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
under 1 year old (of a baby); (lit.) 0 years old
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
Fukuoka prefecture (Kyushu)
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
Shizuoka prefecture (Chūbu area)
to move (house); to change residence
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
(period of) a year; during an era
primary school; elementary school; grade school
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
senior high school; high school