indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
all; entire; whole; altogether
until now; so far; up to the present
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
senior high school; high school
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.)
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
(period of) a year; during an era
story; tale; talk; discussion
the end; closing; being done for; that's it; that's enough; that's all
primary school; elementary school; grade school