indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
trip abroad; overseas travel
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
China; Chūgoku region (western part of Honshu comprising the prefectures of Okayama, Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Tottori and Shimane); central part of a country; main region; province of the second lowest rank (ritsuryo system)
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
nature; natural; spontaneous; naturally; spontaneously
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
United Kingdom; Britain; Great Britain; England
elephant (Elephantidae spp.)
South Korea; Republic of Korea; Korean Empire (1897-1910)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
picture; drawing; painting; image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
story; tale; talk; discussion
travel; trip; journey; excursion; tour