indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
now; the present time; just now; another; more
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
beginning; outset; first; onset
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
until now; so far; up to the present
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)