indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to talk; to chat; to chatter
boy; son; baby boy; young man
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to become less crowded; to thin out; to get empty; to be hungry
name; given name; first name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
green; emerald green; green color of new foliage; verdure
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
tortoise; turtle; heavy drinker; turtle crest; turtle mon
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
now; the present time; just now; another; more
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to keep (a pet or other animal); to have; to own; to raise; to rear; to feed
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
to have a talk; to tell a story
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays