indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
while; during; while; although; all; both
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
to play (a stringed or keyboard instrument)
operation (of a machine, etc.); operating; driving; working (capital, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
honorific/polite/humble prefix
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
please (give me); please (do for me)