indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
how; in what way; how about
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of