to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
to pay (e.g. money, bill); to brush off; to wipe away; to drive away (e.g. one's competitors); to sell off (something unneeded); to dispose of; to pay (e.g. attention)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
bookstore; bookshop; publisher; main building
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
bookshelves; bookshelf; bookcase
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
book; volume; this; present; main; head
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
story; tale; talk; discussion
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays