indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
study; diligence; discount; reduction
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
to talk; to chat; to chatter
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
Japanese person; Japanese people
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
book; volume; this; present; main; head
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
junior high school student; middle school pupil
(non-documentary) television series; TV drama; teledrama; drama; dramatic incident; spectacle
South Korea; Republic of Korea; Korean Empire (1897-1910)