indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
book; volume; this; present; main; head
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
please (give me); please (do for me)
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)