this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
primary school; elementary school; grade school
entry to school or university; matriculation; enrolment (in university, etc.) (enrollment)
elementary school student; primary school student; grade school student
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
bag; satchel; briefcase; basket
firm-sided backpack made of leather, etc. (used by Japanese elementary schoolchildren, often red for girls and black for boys)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to carry on one's back; to be burdened with; to take responsibility for; to have (something) in the background; to be in front (of something); to be conceited
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
life; living; I; me; student
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
(period of) a year; during an era
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
solid; firm; stout; burly; strong; sturdy
to be broken; to break; to fall through; to come to nothing
to get torn; to tear; to rip; to be broken off (of negotiations, etc.); to break down; to collapse
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
as a child; when one was a child; childhood
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
boy; son; baby boy; young man
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of