indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
now; the present time; just now; another; more
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
name; given name; first name
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
please (give me); please (do for me)
number one; first; best; most; game; round
all; entire; whole; altogether
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful