indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
myself; yourself; I; me; you
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry