indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to put on (lower-body clothing, e.g. pants, skirt, footwear); to wear; to affix (a sword to one's hip); (arch.) to affix (a bowstring to a bow)
shirt (undergarment); undershirt; singlet; shirt (outerwear; usu. with collar and buttons)
shoe; shoes; boots; footwear; footgear
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
bag; satchel; briefcase; basket
to put on (one's head); to wear; to be covered with (dust, snow, etc.); to pour (water, etc.) on oneself; to bear (e.g. someone's debts, faults, etc.); to take (blame); to overlap (e.g. sound or color)
light blue; pale blue; aqua
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
purple; violet; Lithospermum erythrorhizon (species of gromwell); type of soy sauce
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
pink; erotic (usually used in relation to the sex industry); blue; pornographic
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
correct; right; correct interpretation (answer, solution)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
please (give me); please (do for me)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
all; entire; whole; altogether
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen