indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
how; in what way; how about
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
please (give me); please (do for me)
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
all; entire; whole; altogether
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
two persons; two people; pair; couple
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
prefix for forming ordinal numbers