indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
while; during; while; although; all; both
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
form; shape; figure; visage
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
please (give me); please (do for me)
number one; first; best; most; game; round
all; entire; whole; altogether
until now; so far; up to the present
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
nature; natural; spontaneous; naturally; spontaneously