indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
correct; right; correct interpretation (answer, solution)
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
please (give me); please (do for me)
river; stream; River; the ... river
to dance (orig. a hopping dance)
person's origin (e.g. city, country, parentage, school)
festival; feast; carnival
aim; object; expectations; prospects; something that can be relied upon; snack served with alcoholic drink; pad
birthplace; origin; cradle; motherland
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
while; during; while; although; all; both
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion