indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
with the exception of; excepting; excluding
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
family; members of a family
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)