indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
correct; right; correct interpretation (answer, solution)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
please (give me); please (do for me)
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
cute; adorable; dear; precious; innocent; childlike
to hit; to expose; to apply (e.g. patch); to put on; to allot; to call on someone (e.g. in class); to guess (an answer)
leaf; blade (of grass); (pine) needle; marijuana; cannabis
(jumping) nimbly; light-footed; boing; used at sentence end to affect cuteness
hopping; skipping; lightly and repeatedly jumping
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work