indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
please (give me); please (do for me)
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight