indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
to come together; to merge; to fit; to match; to be profitable; to be equitable
two persons; two people; pair; couple
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
pain; ache; soreness; damage; injury; wear
stairs; stairway; staircase
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
to struggle in the water; to sink below the surface and become unable to breathe; to (nearly) drown; to indulge in; to lose one's head over something; to be addicted
poor-quality; shoddy; unskillful; inexpert; unlucky
insignificant; inconsequential; trifling; negligible; of little importance
to take to; to let one's heart go out to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...