indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
all you have to do is; just; that's all
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
doing; in such a state; doing together; doing to each other; familiarizing suffix (sometimes meaning "small")
to run up (a hill, stairs etc.); to dash up; to rush up
hide-and-seek (game); hide-and-go-seek
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
tear; tears; lachrymal secretion; sympathy
never mind that; don't worry about that; listen up
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
easy; trifling; harmless; nothing of the sort; not at all
to adhere to; to stick to; to keep close to; to go along with; to get involved with; to be thick with
to pass (e.g. car); to overtake; to surpass; to outstrip; to get ahead of